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长沙市医疗投“每周一学”之学习如何对通过私企老板为他人谋利的行为进行定性

发布时间：

2020-12-21

来源：

长沙市医疗投“每周一学”之学习如何对通过私企老板为他人谋利的行为进行定性

 

典型案例：

何某，中共党员，某国有控股银行A省分行（简称A行）行长。2017年7月，A省民营甲公司负责人李某请托何某帮其公司融资5000万元。因甲公司无经营业绩和抵押物，不符合A行的贷款条件，无法直接从A行融资，于是何某承诺帮忙从其他渠道融资，但事成之后要求占甲公司30%的干股，李某同意。不久，A省民营乙公司（在A行有9亿元贷款业务）负责人马某与何某对接贷款工作时，何某要求马某帮甲公司融资，马某考虑到贷款需何某审批，遂要求与乙公司有业务关系的民营丙公司负责人丁某向李某提供5000万元借款。何某据此要求在甲公司占干股30%，2019年2月至5月，获得分红190万元。2020年5月，何某被立案审查调查。

分歧意见：

本案中，对何某的行为是否构成受贿罪存在两种不同意见。第一种意见认为：何某通过马某、丁某借款给李某，而马某、丁某均非国家工作人员，与何某无职务上的隶属、制约关系，何某不能直接决定马某、丁某向李某借款。故何某没有利用职务之便，不构成受贿罪。第二种意见：何某主管贷款审批的职权对马某具有直接的、较强的约束力，而马某通过丁某为李某融资只是马某筹资的一种方式。故何某的行为本质上是利用职权对马某形成制约从而为李某谋利并索取贿赂，构成受贿罪。

评析意见：

笔者倾向于第二种意见，理由如下。一、何某职权对马某形成直接有效的制约，属于利用职务之便，构成受贿罪。本案表面上看，何某没有直接从其任职的A行违规贷款给李某，而是通过私企老板马某、丁某为李某融资，未利用本人主管贷款审批的职权，也未利用其他国家工作人员职权，容易被误认为何某不构成受贿。笔者认为，上述观点未抓住受贿罪权钱交易的本质。在国家工作人员通过非国家工作人员为请托人谋利的情况下，对“利用职务上的便利”应作严格限制，即谋利事项必须是国家工作人员职权直接延伸即可实现，在该职权范围内，对非国家工作人员产生强约束力。本案中，马某与何某仅因工作见面两次，马某之所以答应借5000万元给陌生人李某，是因其在A行有9亿元贷款业务，属于何某的管理服务对象，而何某身为A行行长，手中握有对马某公司贷款审批的权力，又居于管理关系中的绝对优势方，其审批权和监管地位能直接延伸作用于马某，在其职权范围内对马某具有强约束力，足以迫使马某为何某办事。本案中丁某并非何某管理服务对象，不受何某职权制约，仅是马某用以筹资的渠道，马某通过何人或者何种方式筹资本质上是何某为李某筹资的行为。因此，何某实际利用其主管贷款审批职权和监管地位使马某为李某融资，系利用本人职务上主管、负责的职权，属于利用职务之便。“两高”《关于办理受贿刑事案件适用法律若干问题的意见》提到：“国家工作人员利用职务上的便利为请托人谋取利益，收受请托人提供的干股的，以受贿论处。”本案中，何某身为国有控股银行某分行行长，利用职务之便为李某谋利，索取干股并获取分红，侵害了国家工作人员职务行为的廉洁性，符合受贿罪的构成要件，属于“干股型”受贿犯罪。
       二、国家工作人员对非国家工作人员的职权制约关系必须抓住权钱交易的本质并作严格限定。

笔者认为，国家工作人员对非国家工作人员形成职权制约关系的条件，其一是国家工作人员的职权（监管）能直接、具体产生作用并形成强约束力，足以压制非国家工作人员的自由意志；其二是利用的必须是公权力而不是基于感情、人格因素和社交因素产生的影响力。假如本案中的马某并不属于何某的管理服务对象，也无任何业务或项目需要何某审批，仅是何某私交甚好的朋友，那么认定何某通过马某为李某融资的行为构成受贿罪则会无限扩大适用面，在实践中应保持审慎态度。当然，在办理此类案件时，必须查实权钱交易的情况并用言证、书证等证据佐证，不能空泛地认为制约关系存在。

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